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GLYCOSYLATION SUMMARY
Recombinant human proteins expressed in human cells are distinct from those produced by non-human cell expression systems. In particular, human proteins undergo a variety of highly specific post-translational modifications (PTMs), glycosylation being one of the best-known examples.
Recombinant proteins are dependent on the glycosylation machinery of the cell line to determine what glycan structures are attached. Different cell lines attach different glycan structures, some of which are antigenic to humans, whilst E. coli does not attach glycans at all, leading to the possibility of exposed antigenic epitopes and protein misfolding.
The following table summarizes the differences between Apollo's hcx proteins and the theoretical unglycosylated proteins. Note that the presence of N-linked and/or O-linked glycans is experimentally determined - see FAQs for further information.
Click here to download a PDF version of the Glycosylation Summary
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» Glycosylation
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» Glycosylation summary
| Protein | Theoretical MW (kDa) | Observed MW (kDa) | Maximum Difference (kDa) | Estimated Carbohydrate Content (% by weight) | N-linked glycans present | O-linked glycans present | Theoretical pI | Observed pI |
| Activin RIA - Fc Chimera | 38.7 | 40-48 | 10 | 3-20 | Yes | in progress | 6.8 | 5.5-8.5 |
| Adiponectin | 24.5 | 25-35 | 11 | 0-30 | No | Yes | 5.5 | 4.5-8.0 |
| BAFF | 17 | 16-18 | minimal | <5 | in progress | in progress | 4.9 | 4.8-5.8 |
| BAFF R - Fc Chimera | 34 | 35-46 | 12 | 0-25 | Yes | Yes | 8.4 | 5.0-9.5 |
| Beta-NGF | 13.5 | 12-16 | minimal | <5 | No | in progress | 9 | 9.0-10.0 |
| CCL2 / MCP 1 | 8.7 | 9-17 | 10 | 0-55 | in progress | in progress | 9.39 | >9.0 |
| CCL3 / MIP-1 alpha | 7.4 | 10 | 3 | <5 | No | in progress | 4.77 | 4.8 |
| CCL4 / MIP-1 beta | 7.8 | 14.5 | 7 | <5 | No | in progress | 4.77 | 4.9 |
| CD209L - Fc Chimera | 65.7 | 70-83 | 17 | 5-25 | Yes | in progress | 5.7 | 5.7-6.5 |
| CD40 (167aa) - Fc Chimera | 45.7 | 50-65 | 20 | 5-30 | Yes | in progress | 5.9 | 5.0-7.5 |
| CD40 (173aa) - Fc Chimera | 46.5 | 50-65 | 18 | 5-30 | Yes | in progress | 6.0 | 5.5-9.0 |
| CRC-beta - Fc Chimera | 76 | 75-100 | 24 | 0-25 | Yes | Yes | 6.1 | 5.5-7.5 |
| Cripto-1 - Fc Chimera | 42.8 | 45-55 | 12 | 5-30 | Yes | Yes | 8.2 | 6.5-10 |
| DCSIGNR - Fc Chimera | 65.7 | 70-83 | 17 | 5-25 | Yes | in progress | 5.7 | 5.7-6.5 |
| EGF R - Fc Chimera | 83 | 85-110 | 27 | 5-30 | Yes | Yes | 7.8 | 6.0-8.5 |
| EPO | 18.4 | 24-37 | 19 | 25-55 | Yes | Yes | 7.88 | 4.1-5.7 |
| EPO R - Fc Chimera | 52 | 50-65 | 13 | 0-20 | Yes | in progress | 6.4 | in progress |
| FGF R1 alpha (IIIc) - Fc Chimera | 65 | 87-131 | 66 | 35-50 | Yes | in progress | 5.71 | 5.2-6.9 |
| FGF R4 - Fc Chimera | 47.1 | 40-55 | 8 | 15-30 | Yes | in progress | 8.19 | 6.7-8.4 |
| Flt-3 - Fc Chimera | 85.2 | 100-130 | 45 | 15-35 | Yes | Yes | 6.43 | 5.1-6.8 |
| Flt-3 Ligand | 17.9 | 30-45 | 27 | 10-40 | in progress | in progress | 6.09 | 3.5-6.0 |
| G-CSF | 18.7 | 15.4-20 | 1.5 | 0-10 | No | Yes | 5.65 | 5.4-6.0 |
| G-CSF R - Fc Chimera | 93.9 | 100-130 | 36 | 5-30 | Yes | in progress | 6.6 | in progress |
| GM-CSF | 14.5 | 18-28 | 14 | 5-50 | Yes | Yes | 5.21 | 3.7-5.7 |
| GM-CSF R alpha - Fc Chimera | 61.7 | 75-100 | 38 | 15-40 | Yes | in progress | 8.7 | 6.0-9.5 |
| Growth Hormone | 22.1 | 17-22 | minimal | <5 | No | in progress | 5.27 | in progress |
| Growth Hormone R - Fc Chimera | 54.3 | 66-83 | 29 | 15-35 | Yes | in progress | 6.9 | 5.0-7.7 |
| HGF | 79.7 | 80-110 | 31 | 0-30 | Yes | Yes | 8.2 | 6.0-9.0 |
| IFN-gamma | 17.1 | 19.5-24 | 7 | 10-30 | Yes | in progress | 9.54 | 5.5-10 |
| IFN-gamma R1 - Fc Chimera | 53 | 60-85 | 32 | 10-35 | Yes | in progress | 5.7 | 5.0-8.0 |
| IFN-alpha 2b | 19.2 | 16-20 | 1 | 0-5 | No | Yes | 5.99 | 5.0-6.5 |
| IFNAR2 - Fc Chimera | 52 | 60-85 | 33 | 15-40 | Yes | Yes | 5.75 | 5.0-6.0 |
| IGFBP-3 | 28.7 | 40-45 | 16 | 25-35 | in progress | in progress | 8.76 | 6.8-8.2 |
| IL-1ra | 17.1 | 18-23 | 6 | 5-25 | Yes | Yes | 5.46 | 4.7-6.0 |
| IL-1 RI - Fc Chimera | 63.6 | 64-110 | 46 | 0-36 | Yes | in progress | 7.01 | 5.5-7.5 |
| IL-2 | 15.4 | 16-18 | 3 | 0-15 | No | Yes | 7.05 | 6.0-7.4 |
| IL-2 R alpha - Fc Chimera | 51.5 | 55-85 | 34 | 5-35 | Yes | Yes | 6.27 | 4.7-7.0 |
| IL-2 R beta - Fc Chimera | 51.3 | 65-85 | 34 | 20-40 | in progress | in progress | 7.63 | in progress |
| IL-2 R gamma - Fc Chimera | 55.2 | 75-105 | 50 | 25-50 | Yes | Yes | 6.68 | 4.9-7.2 |
| IL-3 | 15.1 | 18-27 | 12 | 0-40 | Yes | in progress | 7.05 | 4.2-6.8 |
| IL-3 R alpha - Fc Chimera | 60.7 | 79-101 | 41 | 25-40 | Yes | Yes | 8.43 | 6.2-9.0 |
| IL-4 | 15 | 15-21 | 6 | 0-25 | Yes | in progress | 9.26 | 9.4-10.0 |
| IL-5 | 13.1 | 17-21 | 8 | 10-35 | Yes | Yes | 7.02 | 4.8-7.7 |
| IL-6 | 21 | 18-26 | 5 | 0-20 | in progress | in progress | 6.22 | 5.5-7.2 |
| IL-7 R alpha - Fc Chimera | 52 | 72-86 | 34 | 30-45 | Yes | in progress | 6.51 | 5.9-7.4 |
| IL-8 | 8.4 | 10-12 | 4 | <5 | No | in progress | 9.02 | 9.0-10.0 |
| IL-10 | 18.6 | 12.5-18 | minimal | <5 | in progress | in progress | 7.63 | 6.9-8.8 |
| IL-10 R alpha - Fc Chimera | 51.1 | 58-84 | 33 | 5-40 | Yes | Yes | 7.69 | 5.7-8.5 |
| IL-12 | 22.5 (alpha chain) 34.7(beta chain) | 30-35 (alpha chain) 35-45 (beta chain) | 12 (alpha chain) 10 (beta chain) | 15-35 (alpha chain) 0-25 (beta chain) | Yes | Yes | 6.1 (alpha chain) 5.4 (beta chain) | 3.5-9.5 (alpha chain) 5.0-9.0 (beta chain) |
| IL-4 R alpha (148 aa) - Fc Chimera | 42.5 | 50-65 | 23 | 15-35 | Yes | in progress | 6.07 | 5.0-6.6 |
| IL-4 R alpha (207 aa) - Fc Chimera | 51 | 60-75 | 24 | 15-35 | Yes | in progress | 6.5 | 5.5-6.5 |
| IL-5 R alpha (308 aa) - Fc Chimera | 62.1 | 70-80 | 18 | 10-25 | Yes | Yes | 6.34 | 5.8-7.0 |
| IL-5 R alpha (322 aa) - Fc Chimera | 64 | 65-85 | 21 | 5-30 | Yes | Yes | 6.2 | 5.5-7.5 |
| L-Selectin - Fc Chimera | 59.9 | 76-102 | 42 | 20-45 | Yes | in progress | 5.92 | 4.6-6.5 |
| Lymphotoxin-alpha / TNF-beta | 18.7 | 19-26 | 7 | 0-25 | Yes | Yes | 8.94 | 6.6-9.1 |
| M-CSF | 18.4 | 20-35 | 17 | 0-50 | Yes | Yes | 4.8 | 3.5-5.0 |
| M-CSF R - Fc Chimera | 82 | 100-140 | 58 | 20-45 | Yes | Yes | 6.4 | 4.5-7.5 |
| MC-148-Fc Chimera | 36.2 | 35-50 | 14 | 0-25 | Yes | Yes | 8.59 | 5.0-10 |
| MCP-1 / CCL2 | 8.7 | 9-17 | 10 | 0-55 | in progress | in progress | 9.39 | >9.0 |
| MIP-1 alpha / CCL3 | 7.4 | 10 | 3 | <5 | No | in progress | 4.77 | 4.8 |
| MIP-1 beta / CCL4 | 7.8 | 14.5 | 7 | <5 | No | in progress | 4.77 | 4.9 |
| NGF R(209 aa) - Fc Chimera | 49.2 | 66 | 17 | 25-45 | Yes | Yes | 4.89 | 4.2-5.3 |
| NGF R(222 aa) - Fc Chimera | 50.8 | 75-100 | 49 | 30-50 | Yes | Yes | 4.89 | 4.0-6.0 |
| NT-3 | 13.6 | 14-15 | minimal | <5 | in progress | in progress | 9.2 | 6.6-10.0 |
| Noggin | 23 | 25-30 | 7 | 5-25 | Yes | in progress | 9.1 | >8.2 |
| Oncostatin M | 23.7 | 25-40 | 16 | 0-40 | No | Yes | 9.97 | 5.5-10.0 |
| Ox40 - Fc Chimera | 46.4 | 56-64 | 18 | 15-30 | Yes | Yes | 8.32 | 5.5-7.9 |
| SCF | 21 | 20-42 | 21 | 0-50 | Yes | Yes | 5.76 | 30.-7.0 |
| SCF R - Fc Chimera / c-kit - Fc Chimera | 83.1 | 90-150 | 67 | 5-45 | Yes | Yes | 6.6 | 4.5-8.0 |
| SCF sR / c-kit | 55.9 | 65-100 | 44 | 15-45 | Yes | Yes | 6.1 | 4.0-7.0 |
| Siglec-3 - Fc Chimera | 54 | 60-75 | 21 | 10-30 | Yes | in progress | 8.3 | 6.5-10.0 |
| TGF-beta RII - Fc Chimera | 42.7 | 45-70 | 28 | 5-40 | in progress | in progress | 6.22 | 4.7-7.2 |
| TGF-beta 1 | 12.8 | 12-15 | minimal | <5 | in progress | in progress | 8.6 | 8.5-10.0 |
| TNF-alpha | 17.4 | 16-17 | minimal | <5 | No | Yes | 7 | 5.3-8.0 |
| TNF-beta / Lymphotoxin-alpha | 18.7 | 19-26 | 7 | 0-25 | Yes | Yes | 8.94 | 6.6-9.1 |
| TNF RI - Fc Chimera | 48.1 | 52-60 | 12 | 5-20 | Yes | in progress | 7.69 | 6.5-8.6 |
| TNF RII - Fc Chimera | 51.8 | 56-85 | 34 | 5-35 | Yes | Yes | 7.89 | 4.5-7.5 |
| TRAIL R1 - Fc Chimera | 50.1 | 45-60 | 10 | 10-35 | Yes | Yes | 8.8 | 6.0-9.0 |
| TRAIL R2 - Fc Chimera | 41.5 | 40-50 | 8.5 | 0-25 | Yes | Yes | 6.5 | 6.0-8.0 |
| Thrombopoietin | 35.5 | 75-100 | 65 | >35 | Yes | Yes | 9.69 | <5.0 |
| Transferrin | 75.2 | 70-80 | 5 | 5-20 | Yes | Yes | 6.8 | 6.0-8.0 |
| TrkA - Fc Chimera | 67.6 | 92-127 | 60 | 25-50 | Yes | in progress | 5.85 | 5.0-6.7 |
| TrkB - Fc Chimera | 71 | 92-115 | 44 | 20-40 | Yes | Yes | 5.79 | 4.9-6.7 |
| TrkC - Fc Chimera | 71.9 | 85-150 | 78 | 15-55 | Yes | Yes | 5.8 | 4.0-7.0 |
| VEGF-C | 21.6 and 22.2 | 27-35 | 13 | 15-40 | Yes | in progress | 7.8 | 5.6-8.4 |
| VEGF-121 | 14 | 14.5-20 | 6 | 0-30 | No | Yes | 6.1 | 5.5-7.0 |
| VEGF-165 | 19.2 | 17-22 | 3 | 0-20 | in progress | in progress | 7.60 | 5.7-8.3 |
| c-kit - Fc Chimera / SCF R - Fc Chimera | 83.1 | 90-150 | 67 | 5-45 | Yes | Yes | 6.6 | 4.5-8.0 |
| c-kit / SCF sR | 55.9 | 65-100 | 44 | 15-45 | Yes | Yes | 6.1 | 4.0-7.0 |